Halide mineral

Halide minerals are those minerals with a dominant halide anion (F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻). Complex halide minerals may also have polyatomic anions.

Halite

Fluorite structure

Examples include the following:

• Atacamite Cu₂Cl(OH)₃
• Avogadrite (K,Cs)BF
• Bararite (β)(NH₄)₂SiF₆
• Bischofite MgCl₂·6H₂O
• Brüggenite Ca(IO₃)₂(H₂O)
• Calomel HgCl
• Carnallite KMgCl₃·6H₂O
• Carnallite KMgCl·6H₂O
• Cerargyrite/Horn silver AgCl
• Chlorargyrite AgCl, bromargyrite AgBr, and iodargyrite AgI
• Cryolite Na₃AlF₆
• Cryptohalite (a)(NH₄)₂SiF₆
• Dietzeite Ca₂(IO₃)₂CrO₄
• Eglestonite Hg₄OCl₂
• Embolite AgCl+AgBr
• Eriochalcite CuCl₂·2H₂O
• Fluorite CaF₂
• Halite NaCl
• Lautarite Ca(IO₃)₂
• Marshite CuI
• Miersite AgI
• Nantokite CuCl
• Sal Ammoniac NH₄Cl
• Sylvite KCl
• Terlinguaite Hg₂OCl
• Tolbachite CuCl₂
• Villiaumite NaF
• Yttrocerite (Ca,Y,Ce)F₂
• Yttrofluorite (Ca,Y)F₂
• Zavaritskite (BiO)F

Many of these minerals are water-soluble and are often found in arid areas in crusts and other deposits as are various borates, nitrates, iodates, bromates and the like. Others, such as the fluorite group, are not water-soluble. As a collective whole, simple halide minerals (containing fluorine through iodine, alkali metals, alkaline Earth metals, in addition to other metals/cations) occur abundantly at the surface of the Earth in a variety of geologic settings. More complex minerals as shown below are also found.

Commercially significant halide minerals

Two commercially important halide minerals are halite and fluorite. The former is a major source of sodium chloride, in parallel with sodium chloride extracted from sea water or brine wells. Fluorite is a major source of hydrogen fluoride, complementing the supply obtained as a byproduct of the production of fertilizer. Carnallite and bischofite are important sources of magnesium. Natural cryolite was historically required for the production of aluminium, however, currently most cryolite used is produced synthetically.

Many of the halide minerals occur in marine evaporite deposits. Other geologic occurrences include arid environments such as deserts. The Atacama Desert has large quantities of halide minerals as well as chlorates, iodates, oxyhalides, nitrates, borates and other water-soluble minerals. Not only do those minerals occur in subsurface geologic deposits, they also form crusts on the Earth's surface due to the low rainfall (the Atacama is the world's driest desert as well as one of the oldest at 25 million years of age).

Nickel–Strunz Classification -03- Halides

IMA-CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses the Classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org, 10 ed, pending publication).

Abbreviations

• REE: rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
• PGE: platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
• * : discredited (IMA/CNMNC status)
• ? : questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status)

Regarding 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04.H V^[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates:

• neso-: insular (from Greek νῆσος nêsos, "island")
• soro-: grouped (from Greek σωρός sōrós, "heap, pile, mound")
• cyclo-: ringed (from Greek κύκλος kúklos, "circle")
• ino-: chained (from Greek ίνα ína, "fibre", [from Ancient Greek ἴς])
• phyllo-: sheeted (from Greek φῠ́λλον phúllon, "leaf")
• tecto-: of three-dimensional framework (from Greek τεκτονικός tektōnikós, "of building")

Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x

• NN: Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
• X: Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
• Y: Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
• ##x: Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number; x an add-on letter

Class: halides

Halide specimens at Museum of Geology, South Dakota

• 03.A Simple halides, without H₂O
  • 03.AA M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.: Panichiite; 05 Nantokite, 05 Marshite, 05 Miersite; 10 Iodargyrite, 10 Tocornalite; 15 Bromargyrite, 15 Embolite*, 15 Chlorargyrite; 20 Carobbiite, 20 Griceite, 20 Halite, 20 Sylvite, 20 Villiaumite; 25 Sal ammoniac, 25 Lafossaite; 30 Calomel, 30 Kuzminite, 30 Moschelite; 35 Neighborite; 40 Chlorocalcite, 45 Kolarite, 50 Radhakrishnaite; 55 Hephaistosite, 55 Challacolloite
  • 03.AB M:X = 1:2: 05 Tolbachite, 10 Coccinite, 15 Sellaite; 20 Chloromagnesite*, 20 Lawrencite, 20 Scacchite; 25 Frankdicksonite, 25 Fluorite; 30 Tveitite-(Y); 35 Gagarinite-(Y); 35 Zajacite-(Ce)
  • 03.AC M:X = 1:3: 05 Zharchikhite, 10 Molysite; 15 Fluocerite-(Ce), 15 Fluocerite-(La), 20 Gananite
• 03.B Simple Halides, with H₂O
  • 03.BA M:X = 1:1 and 2:3: 05 Hydrohalite, 10 Carnallite
  • 03.BB M:X = 1:2: 05 Eriochalcite, 10 Rokuhnite, 15 Bischofite, 20 Nickelbischofite, 25 Sinjarite, 30 Antarcticite, 35 Tachyhydrite
  • 03.BC M:X = 1:3: 05 Chloraluminite
  • 03.BD Simple Halides with H₂O and additional OH: 05 Cadwaladerite, 10 Lesukite, 15 Korshunovskite, 20 Nepskoeite, 25 Koenenite
• 03.C Complex Halides
  • 03.C: Steropesite, IMA2008-032, IMA2008-039
  • 03.CA Borofluorides: 05 Ferruccite; 10 Avogadrite, 10 Barberiite
  • 03.CB Neso-aluminofluorides: 05 Cryolithionite; 15 Cryolite, 15 Elpasolite, 15 Simmonsite; 20 Colquiriite, 25 Weberite, 30 Karasugite, 35 Usovite; 40 Pachnolite, 40 Thomsenolite; 45 Carlhintzeite, 50 Yaroslavite
  • 03.CC Soro-aluminofluorides: 05 Gearksutite; 10 Acuminite, 10 Tikhonenkovite; 15 Artroeite; 20 Calcjarlite, 20 Jarlite, 20 Jorgensenite
  • 03.CD Ino-aluminofluorides: 05 Rosenbergite, 10 Prosopite
  • 03.CE Phyllo-aluminofluorides: 05 Chiolite
  • 03.CF Tekto-aluminofluorides: 05 Ralstonite, 10 Boldyrevite?, 15 Bogvadite
  • 03.CG Aluminofluorides with CO₃, SO₄, PO₄: 05 Stenonite; 10 Chukhrovite-(Nd), 10 Chukhrovite-(Ce), 10 Chukhrovite-(Y), 10 Meniaylovite; 15 Creedite, 20 Boggildite, 25 Thermessaite
  • 03.CH: 05 Malladrite, 10 Bararite; 15 Cryptohalite, 15 Hieratite; 20 Demartinite, 25 Knasibfite
  • 03.CJ With MX₆ complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu: 05 Chlormanganokalite, 05 Rinneite; 10 Erythrosiderite, 10 Kremersite; 15 Mitscherlichite, 20 Douglasite, 30 Zirklerite
• 03.D Oxyhalides, Hydroxyhalides and Related Double Halides
  • 03.DA With Cu, etc., without Pb: 05 Melanothallite; 10a Atacamite, 10a Kempite, 10a Hibbingite, 10b Botallackite, 10b Clinoatacamite, 10b Belloite, 10c Gillardite, 10c Kapellasite, 10c Haydeeite, 10c Paratacamite, 10c Herbertsmithite; 15 Claringbullite, 20 Simonkolleite; 25 Buttgenbachite, 25 Connellite; 30 Abhurite, 35 Ponomarevite; 40 Calumetite, 40 Anthonyite; 45 Khaidarkanite, 50 Bobkingite, 55 Avdoninite, 60 Droninoite
  • 03.DB With Pb, Cu, etc.: 05 Diaboleite, 10 Pseudoboleite, 15 Boleite, 20 Cumengite, 25 Bideauxite, 30 Chloroxiphite, 35 Hematophanite; 40 Asisite, 40 Parkinsonite; 45 Murdochite, 50 Yedlinite
  • 03.DC With Pb (As, Sb, Bi), without Cu: 05 Laurionite, 05 Paralaurionite; 10 Fiedlerite, 15 Penfieldite, 20 Laurelite; 25 Zhangpeishanite, 25 Matlockite, 25 Rorisite, 25 Daubreeite, 25 Bismoclite, 25 Zavaritskite; 30 Nadorite, 30 Perite; 35 Aravaipaite, 37 Calcioaravaipaite, 40 Thorikosite, 45 Mereheadite, 50 Blixite, 55 Pinalite, 60 Symesite; 65 Ecdemite, 65 Heliophyllite; 70 Mendipite, 75 Damaraite, 80 Onoratoite, 85 Cotunnite, 90 Pseudocotunnite, 95 Barstowite
  • 03.DD With Hg: 05 Eglestonite, 05 Kadyrelite; 10 Poyarkovite, 15 Hanawaltite, 20 Terlinguaite, 25 Pinchite; 30 Mosesite, 30 Gianellaite; 35 Kleinite, 40 Tedhadleyite, 45 Vasilyevite, 50 Aurivilliusite, 55 Terlinguacreekite, 60 Kelyanite, 65 Comancheite
  • 03.DE With Rare-Earth Elements: 05 Haleniusite-(La)
• 03.X Unclassified Strunz Halogenides
  • 03.XX Unknown: 00 Hydrophilite?, 00 Hydromolysite?, 00 Yttrocerite*, 00 Lorettoite?, 00 IMA2009-014, 00 IMA2009-015

References

• Stuart J. Mills; Frédéric Hatert; Ernest H. Nickel; Giovanni Ferraris (2009). "The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals" (PDF). Eur. J. Mineral. 21 (5): 1073–1080. Bibcode:2009EJMin..21.1073M. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1994.
• Ernest H. Nickel; Monte C. Nichols (March 2009). "IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names" (PDF). IMA-CNMNC.
• Ferraiolo, Jim. "Nickel–Strunz (Version 10) Classification System". webmineral.com.

External links

• Handbook of Mineralogy